Ngā Pūrongo

Tuatahi: He aha i whakamahia ai ngā ārai raina i roto i ngā pūnaha reti

He maha ngā take hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā ārai raina i roto i ngā pūnaha reti:

1. Te whakarārangitanga o te whārite (te whakaōrite i te nekehanga tika)

He raina te nekehanga reti. Ka neke te piston o te damper raina i te ara raina kotahi, nō reira ka mahi tika te kaha reti i te ahunga nekehanga. Ka mimitihia te pūngao me te kore he huringa miihini waenga. Mā te whakamahi i te damper hurihuri mō te tono reti, me whakamahi he tikanga whakawhiti whatanga-me-pinion, he tikanga whakawhiti rite rānei hei huri i te nekehanga raina ki te hurihanga. Mā taua huringa ka puta he mate tāpiri, he pūwāhi kakahu tāpiri, me te pānga kino pea, ka whakaiti i te pai me te pono o te katoa.

2. Te kaha me te taipana: te rahi me te whaihua

Ko ngā pūnaha retireti pērā i ngā pouaka taumaha, ngā tatau retireti ahumahi rānei, he maha ngā wā ka nui te kaha o te korekore me te kaha pānga. Ka taea te hoahoa i tētahi whakakānga raina (mā te whakarerekē i te rahi o te piston, te āhua o te kōhao, me ngā ara rere o roto) hei whakarato i ngā kaha whakakānga whakahaere mai i ētahi newton ki ētahi kilonewton, e tika ana mō ngā hihiri raina papatipu nui.Ngā ārai hurihurika whakaputa i te taipana, ā, he pai ake mō ngā taupoki hurihuri iti-aukati, ngā poroporo, ngā taupoki iti rānei. Mēnā ka akiakihia he otinga hurihuri ki roto i te tono raina teitei-aukati, ka taea e ngā taputapu taraiwa, ngā huānga tuku rānei te taumaha rawa, ka rahua.

3. Te āhua me te whakaurunga

Ko ngā ārai raina he rango roa, angiangi ka taea te huna ki roto i ngā awa reti, i ngā kōhao whaiti rānei, e rite ana ki ngā hoahoa hou, ātaahua, iti te āhua. Me whai wāhi porowhita ngā ārai hurihuri, ā, ki te whakamahia me te whatanga, me whai wāhi mō te whatanga me te ātea mō te hurihuri—he maha ngā wā kāore e whai hua, kāore rānei e ātaahua i roto i ngā huihuinga reti kua herea.

4. Māmā ake te whakahaere i te kōtaha kaha e hiahiatia ana (te ātete tīmatanga tata ki te kore, te whakaiti i te mutunga o te whiu)

He maha ngā hua reti e hiahia ana kia māmā, kia ngāwari te ahua i te nuinga o te haerenga engari kia kaha te whakamātao i te pito hei ārai i te pānga. Ka taea e ngā whakamātao raina te whakatutuki i tēnei whanonga "māmā-kātahi-kaha" mā te whakarite i te āhua orifice, ngā hongere maha-ara, ngā kōtaha piston rānei, e taea ai te ātete tīmatanga tata ki te kore me te whakanui ake i te whakamātao i te whakatata atu o te piston ki te mutunga o te whiu. He uaua ake, he iti ake te pakari o te whakatutuki i te whanonga kotahi mā te hurihanga hurihuri-ki-raina.

Mō ētahi atu kōrero taipitopito mō te kaupapa mahi, tirohia tā mātou tuhingaHe aha te Pūmau Raina.

Ngā ārai raina mō ngā pūnaha kati-ngāwari o te pouaka

Ko te whakatuwhera/kati maeneene i roto i ngā kāpata e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taputapu reti me te whakamātao. Ki te kore he whakamātao, ka tukinga te pouaka ki te aukati pito i raro i te inertia, ka puta te haruru me te ahotea wāhanga. Mā te whakauru i tētahi whakamātao raina ki roto i te huihuinga reti—mā te whakamahi rānei i ngā reti i hangaia hei reti kati ngāwari, hei reti kati ngāwari rānei—ka whakauruhia te whakaroa whakahaere ina tata te pouaka ki te kati, ka waihanga i tētahi wheako reti kati ngawari, kore pānga. Mā tēnei ka tiakina te kāpata, ka whakapai ake i te kounga e kitea ana.

1. Ngā ārai raina mō ngā tatau reti

Mō ngā tatau reti taumaha i roto i ngā tono hoahoanga me ngā tono ahumahi (hei tauira, ngā panera karāhe, ngā panera rakau totoka rānei), ka whai wāhi ngā ārai raina ki:

● Haumaru — te ārai i te katinga tere ka pā mai he pekepeke, he whara rānei i ngā maihao.

● Te tiaki taputapu — te whakaiti i ngā pānga i te mutunga o te haere me te whakaroa i te roa o te ora o ngā roera, ngā ara, me ngā anga.

● Te whakamarie — te whakarite kia maeneene, kia whakahaeretia te nekehanga, me te kore e mutu ohorere, e hoki whakamuri rānei.

2. Ngā Whakamarumaru Raina mōHkāingaAngā taputapu

I roto i te nuinga o ngā taputapu whare pēnei i ngā oumu, te pouaka whakamātao, te kāpata waina me ngā mīhini horoi rihi, ka tuwhera te tatau ki raro i te huarahi poutū e pā ana ki te papa. Hei whakarite kia maeneene, kia whakahaeretia hoki te kati, he maha ngā wā ka whakauruhia e ēnei taputapu he arataki reti poto ki roto i te hanganga tatau.

I te pito o tēnei ara ārahi, ka tāutahia ngā ārai raina. I te whakatata atu o te tatau ki te tūranga kati katoa, ka whakahohehia e te tikanga reti te ārai raina, ka neke te piston o roto, ka whakaputa i te kaha ārai e whakaroa ana i te nekehanga kati.

Mā tēnei whakahekenga tere whakahaere ka ārai i te tatau kei pakaru, kei hoki whakamuri rānei i te mutunga o te haere. Nō reira, ka āwhina ngā ārai raina ki te whakaiti i te haruru, te tiaki i ngā inihi me ngā ara ārahi mai i te pānga nui, me te whakapai ake i te roa o te mau o te taputapu.

Nā konei, kua noho ngā ārai raina hei wāhanga nui i roto i ngā hoahoa tatau oumu me ngā tatau horoi rihi hou, e taea ai te kati maeneene, mārire, me te whakahaere tika.

Tuatahi. Te whiriwhiri i te pūmau raina tika mō ngā pūnaha reti

Te whiriwhiri i te mea tikaārai rainame whakataurite i ngā tawhā ā-tinana ki te tono:

1. Te kaha whakamākū — Me taurite te kaha whakamākū ki te papatipu neke me te tere me te āhua o te kati e hiahiatia ana. Mēnā he nui rawa te whakamākū ka uaua te mahi; mēnā he iti rawa ka pā te pānga.

2. Whiu — Whakapūmautia te roa o te whiu kia tika ai te whakaheke tere o te wāhanga e neke ana. Me whakarite kia ōrite te whiu o te whiu ki te nekehanga reti e wātea ana.

3. Taiao me te pakari — Mō ngā pāmahana tino wera, te puehu, te makuku, te whakamahinga auau teitei rānei, whiriwhiria ngā ārai me ngā hiri, ngā rauemi, me te roa o te huringa kua whakamanahia.

4. Te whakatakotoranga me te whakamautanga o te tāutanga — Ka pā te whakamautanga kōpeketanga me te whakamautanga toronga, te whakatakotoranga, me te ātea e wātea ana ki te whanonga o te whakakā; whai i ngā aratohu a te kaihanga kia eke ki te mahi kua whakatauria.